A statistical method assesses whether observed genotype frequencies in a population deviate significantly from those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This equilibrium describes the theoretical conditions where allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. As an illustration, if a population exhibits a higher than expected number of heterozygotes for a particular trait, this analysis can help determine if factors like natural selection or non-random mating are at play.
The utility of this analytical tool lies in its ability to detect deviations from a baseline expectation. This provides valuable insights into the evolutionary processes shaping a population’s genetic structure. Developed in the early 20th century, it forms a cornerstone of population genetics and serves as a fundamental test for evolutionary studies. Its application extends to diverse fields, including conservation biology, human genetics, and agriculture, enabling researchers to understand genetic variations and identify potential selective pressures.
