Establishing biological fatherhood is possible even when the alleged father is unavailable or unwilling to participate directly in testing. These situations often involve utilizing alternative samples, such as those from relatives, to infer the genetic contribution of the individual in question. The absence of a direct sample necessitates a different approach to genetic analysis. For example, if the potential father is deceased, samples can sometimes be obtained from preserved tissue or belongings.
Determining parentage has significant implications, impacting legal rights and responsibilities related to child support, inheritance, and medical history. Historically, establishing paternity relied on circumstantial evidence and physical resemblance. Advances in genetic science have provided a more definitive and accurate method, regardless of direct participation. This accuracy offers clarity and security for all parties involved, especially the child.
